Seaweed (sea Weeds) who in the world of science known as Algae is very popular in the late trading world - the end of this.
Seaweed was first recognized by the Chinese people think - about the year 2700 BC. At that time a lot of seaweed used for vegetables and drugs - drugs. In 65 BC, the Romans use it as a cosmetic raw material. But with the development of time, knowledge about the grass growing lautpun. Spain, France, and England made seaweed as glass-making raw material.
When is the use of seaweed in Indonesia is not known. Only at the time the Portuguese came to Indonesia around 1292 years, seaweed has been used as a vegetable. New in the days before World War - 2, noted that Indonesia has exported seaweed to the United States, Danish, and French.
Today seaweed in Indonesia has been developed on the coast of Bali and Nusa Tenggara. Given the length of Indonesian coastline (81,000 km), then the chance of seaweed cultivation is very promising. If you view the world market demand in Indonesia is reaching average each year - average 21.8% of the world needs right now to supply the demand fulfillment is still lacking, which is only 13.1% range. The low supply from Indonesia caused by farming activities are not good and lack of information about the potential of seaweed farmers.
B. Gynecology
Seaweed commonly used is the type of red algae (Rhodophyceae) because it contains so - so, keraginan, porpiran, furcelaran or pigment fikobilin (consisting of fikoeretrin and fikosianin) which is a food reserve which contains many carbohydrates. But there is also the use of brown algae (Phaeophyceae). These brown algae contains chlorophyll pigments a and c, beta carotene, violasantin and fukosantin, pirenoid, and sheets photosynthesis (filakoid). Also brown algae also contains a food reserve Laminarin, cellulose, and algin. In addition to the material - this material, red and brown algae contain many jodium.
C. Benefits
1. Order - order
Society in general knows that - so in the form of flour used for making pudding. But people do not know exactly what that - that that. Order - that is sulfanik the meruapakan acid ester of linear and galakto obtained by extracting the algae species Agarophytae. Order - that is its hot water soluble and insoluble in cold water.
Nowadays the use of so - so the more developed, which used only for the food alone is currently being used in the textile industry, cosmetics, and others - others. Its main function is as pemantap materials, and makers emulsion, thickening materials, fillers, and preservative gel. In the industry, so that - so widely used in industry for the manufacture of foods such as breads, soups, sauces, ice cream, jelly, candy, sherbet, cheese, pudding, jam, beer, wine, coffee, and chocolate. Useful in the pharmaceutical industry as a purgative or laxative, packing capsules, and mixed materials printer tooth samples. In the textile industry can be used to protect the sheen of silk. In the cosmetics industry, so - so useful in the manufacture of ointments, creams, lotions, lipstick and soap. In addition there are many other benefits from that - that, as for making the film plates, toothpaste, shoe polish, paper, and fish and meat canning.
2. Keraginan
Polysaccharide compounds Keraginan is composed of units of D-galactose and L-galactose 3.6 anhidrogalaktosa linked by bonds of 1 to 4 glikosilik. Flow characteristics of each unit keraginan is binding cluster galaktosanya sulfate, the amount of sulfatnya approximately 35.1%.
Usability keraginan similar to - in order, among others, as a stabilizer, thickening, gel formation, and emulsifiers. Keraginan widely used in the food industry for making cakes, bread, makroni, jam, jelly, fruit juice, beer, ice cream, and gel coating of meat products. In the pharmaceutical industry commonly used for toothpaste and drugs - drugs. It can also be used in textiles, cosmetics and paints.
3. Algin (alginates)
Algin is obtained from seaweed, brown algae species. Algin is a polymer of uronat acids arranged in the form of long linear chains. Form of algin on the market are often found in flour form of sodium, potassium or ammonium alginates are soluble in water.
Usability is algin industry as thickening, stabilizer, emulsifiers, and forming a thin layer of oil resistant. Algin is used in many industries in the food industry for the manufacture of ice cream, sherbet, ice milk, bread, cakes, candy, butter, sauces, canned meat, jams, syrups, and puddings. In the pharmaceutical industry commonly used for tablets, ointments, capsules, plasters, and filters. Cosmetic industry for the cream, lotion, shampoo, hair dye,. And in other industries such as textiles, paper, photography, insecticides, pesticides, and wood preservatives.
D. TON function in Seaweed Ecology
Seaweed was first found living in nature rather than culture results. They were scattered in the waters in accordance with environmental needs. Need of seaweed clinging to the life support. In nature where it can be attached to dead coral, mollusk shells, and can also be sand and mud.
Also in dire need of seaweed sun to establish the process of photosynthesis. A large sun was greatly influenced by sea water transparency. So that needs sunlight available in the optimal amount should be regulated in membudidayakannya depth. The depth is ideally located 30 to 50 cm from the surface of the water.
Seaweed photosynthesis process is not only influenced by the sun alone, but also require nutrients in sufficient quantities both macro and micro. These nutrients obtained from the environment much water is absorbed directly by the entire plant. To supply this nutrient fertilization is usually done during cultivation. To help provide nutrients in optimal quantities and so quickly absorbed by this seaweed, it must provide nutrients that have been in a state ready for use (ionic). These nutrients contained in many TON (Pond Organic Nusantara).
TON (Pond Organic Nusantara), contains all the materials needed in the growth of seaweed. Both provide a complete micro nutrients, also provides a macro elements. Also TON also will improve the quality of seaweed, because it will reduce the pollution levels of heavy metals will also be absorbed by the seaweed. If heavy metals are not binding, it will come absorbed in the process of absorption of nutrients from seaweed, which is very dangerous for consumers. With TON, heavy metals will be bound in the form of compounds and will be difficult to settle or be absorbed by the absorption process.
Seaweed growth is also influenced by the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO), salinitas (salinity) and temperature. The oxygen content of addition is influenced by water movement is also influenced by nutrient availability. TON also so very important to support the availability of oxygen in the water. The ideal temperature for the growth of seaweed is ranged from 200 to 280 C
With the availability of nutrients in optimal amounts and balanced environmental conditions because the influence of TON, the quality and quantity of materials - materials that contained in the seaweed will also increase.
In addition, the use of TON for seaweed cultivation will also help to bind compounds - compounds and elements - hazardous substances in the water. Compounds - compounds and elements in this if teradsorbsi seaweed metabolic system, would interfere with the growth of seaweed and also reduce the quality of the results. Also if this seaweed will be used for food, will be very dangerous for the menkonsumsinya. Carbon content of the active compounds of the TON will be very helpful to reduce the compounds and elements - such hazardous substances.
E. Seaweed Cultivation and How to Use TON (Pond Organic Nusantara)
In carrying seaweed cultivation, first thing to note is the selection of the location of cultivation. Better location cultivated cultivation in waters that do not fluctuate salinitas (salinity) is large and free from industrial pollution and households. In addition site selection should also consider the economic aspects and labor.
Seaweed cultivation can be done in the area off the coast and in the pond. In our discussion today will focus on cultivation in ponds. This is given the role of ineffective TON if diperairan off (coast). For cultivation in the waters off several methods are distinguished, namely:
1. Basic Off Method
Where this is done by tying seaweed seedlings on the rope - a rope in a row set - a row in the sea waters with depths between 30 - 60 cm. Sea grass planted in the bottom waters.
2. Raft Methods
This method is done in waters depths of more than 60 cm. Working with grass seeds tied in a rope - a rope tied at the stake - the stake in a floating position in the middle - the depth of water.
3. Hanging Rope Method
If the two methods on seed positions - seaweed seedlings in a horizontal position (flat), then the method of hanging ropes is done by attaching the seed - sea grass seeds in a vertical position (perpendicular) to the rope - a rope arranged in a row.
Usage TON with 3 of the above can only be done by soaking the seed system. Because if it were applied in the waters TON will not be effective and many are lost by the ocean currents. Seed soaking method is done by:
1. TON dissolved in sea water is placed in the container.
2. For 1 liter of sea water is given a quarter of a tablespoon (5 - 10 gr) TON and add 1 to 2 cc Hormonik.
3. Marinate for 4 - 5 hours, and ready to be planted seedlings.
TON usage is most effective when applied in seaweed cultivation in ponds. How to cultivation in ponds can be done with tebar methods. The trick is as follows:
1. Pond should be specified income and expenditure channels.
2. Pond dried first.
3. Sprinkle with lime to neutral pH (0.5 to 2 tons per hectare depending on the acidity conditions of the land).
4. Let stand for 1 week.
5. Apply TON, with doses of 1 to 5 bottles per-hectare (for areas - areas that high pollution levels, elevated dose), by dissolving in water first, then spread evenly in the bottom of ponds.
6. Allow 1 day
7. Enter the water to a height of 70 cm.
8. Sprinkle sea grass seeds that have been soaked with TON and soaking way hormonik above. With the density from 80 to 100 gram/m2.
9. When the pond bottom hard enough, the seeds can be planted as rice planting.
10. No need to add fertilizer macro.
F. Maintenance and application TON (Pond Organic Nusantara) aftershocks.
During cultivation, must be continuously monitoring. Especially for cultivation in ponds must dilakukaan least 1 - 2 weeks after stocking of seedlings, this is to control the position of the spread of seaweed. Usually because of the influence of wind, the seeds will collect in certain areas, if so should be separated and spread out more evenly in the pond area.
Dirt in the form of water dust (mud dissolved / suspended solid) is often attached to the plant, especially on the calm waters such as ponds. At that time, the plants should be rocked - dangle in the water so the plants are always clean from dirt. This dirt will interfere with the metabolism of seaweed. Some marine plants such as Ulva, Hypea, Chaetomorpha and Enteromorpha plants are often twisted. Plants - these plants should be immediately removed and separated from seaweed in order not to reduce the quality of results. The way to collect on the ground. Sea urchins, fish and turtles are herbivores that must be prevented from seaweed prey. To avoid the nets are usually installed around the cultivation area. For cultivation in ponds will be undertaken by placing nets in channel revenues and expenses.
G. Harvesting
At this stage of harvesting must be considered how and the right time to obtain results in accordance with market demand in quality and quantity.
Plants can be harvested after the age of 6 to 8 weeks after planting. How to harvest is to lift the entire plant into the ground seaweed. Seaweed cultivated in ponds harvested plants by family raised and bred for disisakan little further. Or it could be done by picking the separate branches - the branch of the parent plant, but this way will result in the acquisition and growth keraginan little master for the cultivation of crops would decrease further.
If the seaweed is harvested at about one month of age, will usually be obtained weight ratio of wet and dry weight of 8: 1, and if harvested at the age of two months will usually be obtained ratio 6: 1. To type gracilaria usually yields about 1500 - 2000 kg of dry seaweed per hectare. It is expected that with the use of TON (Pond Organic Nusantara) will increase about 30 - 100%.
Seaweed was first recognized by the Chinese people think - about the year 2700 BC. At that time a lot of seaweed used for vegetables and drugs - drugs. In 65 BC, the Romans use it as a cosmetic raw material. But with the development of time, knowledge about the grass growing lautpun. Spain, France, and England made seaweed as glass-making raw material.
When is the use of seaweed in Indonesia is not known. Only at the time the Portuguese came to Indonesia around 1292 years, seaweed has been used as a vegetable. New in the days before World War - 2, noted that Indonesia has exported seaweed to the United States, Danish, and French.
Today seaweed in Indonesia has been developed on the coast of Bali and Nusa Tenggara. Given the length of Indonesian coastline (81,000 km), then the chance of seaweed cultivation is very promising. If you view the world market demand in Indonesia is reaching average each year - average 21.8% of the world needs right now to supply the demand fulfillment is still lacking, which is only 13.1% range. The low supply from Indonesia caused by farming activities are not good and lack of information about the potential of seaweed farmers.
B. Gynecology
Seaweed commonly used is the type of red algae (Rhodophyceae) because it contains so - so, keraginan, porpiran, furcelaran or pigment fikobilin (consisting of fikoeretrin and fikosianin) which is a food reserve which contains many carbohydrates. But there is also the use of brown algae (Phaeophyceae). These brown algae contains chlorophyll pigments a and c, beta carotene, violasantin and fukosantin, pirenoid, and sheets photosynthesis (filakoid). Also brown algae also contains a food reserve Laminarin, cellulose, and algin. In addition to the material - this material, red and brown algae contain many jodium.
C. Benefits
1. Order - order
Society in general knows that - so in the form of flour used for making pudding. But people do not know exactly what that - that that. Order - that is sulfanik the meruapakan acid ester of linear and galakto obtained by extracting the algae species Agarophytae. Order - that is its hot water soluble and insoluble in cold water.
Nowadays the use of so - so the more developed, which used only for the food alone is currently being used in the textile industry, cosmetics, and others - others. Its main function is as pemantap materials, and makers emulsion, thickening materials, fillers, and preservative gel. In the industry, so that - so widely used in industry for the manufacture of foods such as breads, soups, sauces, ice cream, jelly, candy, sherbet, cheese, pudding, jam, beer, wine, coffee, and chocolate. Useful in the pharmaceutical industry as a purgative or laxative, packing capsules, and mixed materials printer tooth samples. In the textile industry can be used to protect the sheen of silk. In the cosmetics industry, so - so useful in the manufacture of ointments, creams, lotions, lipstick and soap. In addition there are many other benefits from that - that, as for making the film plates, toothpaste, shoe polish, paper, and fish and meat canning.
2. Keraginan
Polysaccharide compounds Keraginan is composed of units of D-galactose and L-galactose 3.6 anhidrogalaktosa linked by bonds of 1 to 4 glikosilik. Flow characteristics of each unit keraginan is binding cluster galaktosanya sulfate, the amount of sulfatnya approximately 35.1%.
Usability keraginan similar to - in order, among others, as a stabilizer, thickening, gel formation, and emulsifiers. Keraginan widely used in the food industry for making cakes, bread, makroni, jam, jelly, fruit juice, beer, ice cream, and gel coating of meat products. In the pharmaceutical industry commonly used for toothpaste and drugs - drugs. It can also be used in textiles, cosmetics and paints.
3. Algin (alginates)
Algin is obtained from seaweed, brown algae species. Algin is a polymer of uronat acids arranged in the form of long linear chains. Form of algin on the market are often found in flour form of sodium, potassium or ammonium alginates are soluble in water.
Usability is algin industry as thickening, stabilizer, emulsifiers, and forming a thin layer of oil resistant. Algin is used in many industries in the food industry for the manufacture of ice cream, sherbet, ice milk, bread, cakes, candy, butter, sauces, canned meat, jams, syrups, and puddings. In the pharmaceutical industry commonly used for tablets, ointments, capsules, plasters, and filters. Cosmetic industry for the cream, lotion, shampoo, hair dye,. And in other industries such as textiles, paper, photography, insecticides, pesticides, and wood preservatives.
D. TON function in Seaweed Ecology
Seaweed was first found living in nature rather than culture results. They were scattered in the waters in accordance with environmental needs. Need of seaweed clinging to the life support. In nature where it can be attached to dead coral, mollusk shells, and can also be sand and mud.
Also in dire need of seaweed sun to establish the process of photosynthesis. A large sun was greatly influenced by sea water transparency. So that needs sunlight available in the optimal amount should be regulated in membudidayakannya depth. The depth is ideally located 30 to 50 cm from the surface of the water.
Seaweed photosynthesis process is not only influenced by the sun alone, but also require nutrients in sufficient quantities both macro and micro. These nutrients obtained from the environment much water is absorbed directly by the entire plant. To supply this nutrient fertilization is usually done during cultivation. To help provide nutrients in optimal quantities and so quickly absorbed by this seaweed, it must provide nutrients that have been in a state ready for use (ionic). These nutrients contained in many TON (Pond Organic Nusantara).
TON (Pond Organic Nusantara), contains all the materials needed in the growth of seaweed. Both provide a complete micro nutrients, also provides a macro elements. Also TON also will improve the quality of seaweed, because it will reduce the pollution levels of heavy metals will also be absorbed by the seaweed. If heavy metals are not binding, it will come absorbed in the process of absorption of nutrients from seaweed, which is very dangerous for consumers. With TON, heavy metals will be bound in the form of compounds and will be difficult to settle or be absorbed by the absorption process.
Seaweed growth is also influenced by the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO), salinitas (salinity) and temperature. The oxygen content of addition is influenced by water movement is also influenced by nutrient availability. TON also so very important to support the availability of oxygen in the water. The ideal temperature for the growth of seaweed is ranged from 200 to 280 C
With the availability of nutrients in optimal amounts and balanced environmental conditions because the influence of TON, the quality and quantity of materials - materials that contained in the seaweed will also increase.
In addition, the use of TON for seaweed cultivation will also help to bind compounds - compounds and elements - hazardous substances in the water. Compounds - compounds and elements in this if teradsorbsi seaweed metabolic system, would interfere with the growth of seaweed and also reduce the quality of the results. Also if this seaweed will be used for food, will be very dangerous for the menkonsumsinya. Carbon content of the active compounds of the TON will be very helpful to reduce the compounds and elements - such hazardous substances.
E. Seaweed Cultivation and How to Use TON (Pond Organic Nusantara)
In carrying seaweed cultivation, first thing to note is the selection of the location of cultivation. Better location cultivated cultivation in waters that do not fluctuate salinitas (salinity) is large and free from industrial pollution and households. In addition site selection should also consider the economic aspects and labor.
Seaweed cultivation can be done in the area off the coast and in the pond. In our discussion today will focus on cultivation in ponds. This is given the role of ineffective TON if diperairan off (coast). For cultivation in the waters off several methods are distinguished, namely:
1. Basic Off Method
Where this is done by tying seaweed seedlings on the rope - a rope in a row set - a row in the sea waters with depths between 30 - 60 cm. Sea grass planted in the bottom waters.
2. Raft Methods
This method is done in waters depths of more than 60 cm. Working with grass seeds tied in a rope - a rope tied at the stake - the stake in a floating position in the middle - the depth of water.
3. Hanging Rope Method
If the two methods on seed positions - seaweed seedlings in a horizontal position (flat), then the method of hanging ropes is done by attaching the seed - sea grass seeds in a vertical position (perpendicular) to the rope - a rope arranged in a row.
Usage TON with 3 of the above can only be done by soaking the seed system. Because if it were applied in the waters TON will not be effective and many are lost by the ocean currents. Seed soaking method is done by:
1. TON dissolved in sea water is placed in the container.
2. For 1 liter of sea water is given a quarter of a tablespoon (5 - 10 gr) TON and add 1 to 2 cc Hormonik.
3. Marinate for 4 - 5 hours, and ready to be planted seedlings.
TON usage is most effective when applied in seaweed cultivation in ponds. How to cultivation in ponds can be done with tebar methods. The trick is as follows:
1. Pond should be specified income and expenditure channels.
2. Pond dried first.
3. Sprinkle with lime to neutral pH (0.5 to 2 tons per hectare depending on the acidity conditions of the land).
4. Let stand for 1 week.
5. Apply TON, with doses of 1 to 5 bottles per-hectare (for areas - areas that high pollution levels, elevated dose), by dissolving in water first, then spread evenly in the bottom of ponds.
6. Allow 1 day
7. Enter the water to a height of 70 cm.
8. Sprinkle sea grass seeds that have been soaked with TON and soaking way hormonik above. With the density from 80 to 100 gram/m2.
9. When the pond bottom hard enough, the seeds can be planted as rice planting.
10. No need to add fertilizer macro.
F. Maintenance and application TON (Pond Organic Nusantara) aftershocks.
During cultivation, must be continuously monitoring. Especially for cultivation in ponds must dilakukaan least 1 - 2 weeks after stocking of seedlings, this is to control the position of the spread of seaweed. Usually because of the influence of wind, the seeds will collect in certain areas, if so should be separated and spread out more evenly in the pond area.
Dirt in the form of water dust (mud dissolved / suspended solid) is often attached to the plant, especially on the calm waters such as ponds. At that time, the plants should be rocked - dangle in the water so the plants are always clean from dirt. This dirt will interfere with the metabolism of seaweed. Some marine plants such as Ulva, Hypea, Chaetomorpha and Enteromorpha plants are often twisted. Plants - these plants should be immediately removed and separated from seaweed in order not to reduce the quality of results. The way to collect on the ground. Sea urchins, fish and turtles are herbivores that must be prevented from seaweed prey. To avoid the nets are usually installed around the cultivation area. For cultivation in ponds will be undertaken by placing nets in channel revenues and expenses.
G. Harvesting
At this stage of harvesting must be considered how and the right time to obtain results in accordance with market demand in quality and quantity.
Plants can be harvested after the age of 6 to 8 weeks after planting. How to harvest is to lift the entire plant into the ground seaweed. Seaweed cultivated in ponds harvested plants by family raised and bred for disisakan little further. Or it could be done by picking the separate branches - the branch of the parent plant, but this way will result in the acquisition and growth keraginan little master for the cultivation of crops would decrease further.
If the seaweed is harvested at about one month of age, will usually be obtained weight ratio of wet and dry weight of 8: 1, and if harvested at the age of two months will usually be obtained ratio 6: 1. To type gracilaria usually yields about 1500 - 2000 kg of dry seaweed per hectare. It is expected that with the use of TON (Pond Organic Nusantara) will increase about 30 - 100%.
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